For investors looking to obtain European citizenship, several countries offer Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs that provide a fast-track route to acquiring a second passport. These programs are designed to attract foreign investment by offering residency and citizenship in exchange for financial contributions to the economy.
With growing global uncertainties, obtaining a second passport has become an attractive option for business leaders, high-net-worth individuals, and investors seeking enhanced global mobility. CBI programs provide a legitimate way to gain access to strong economies, secure financial futures, and take advantage of favorable tax policies. Many European countries now tailor their CBI programs to support foreign direct investment, job creation, and infrastructure development, making them a win-win for both applicants and host nations.
This guide explores the easiest European countries to obtain citizenship through investment, outlining requirements, benefits, processing times, and investment options for each program. It also provides insights into choosing the best program based on personal and financial goals.
What is Citizenship by Investment?
Citizenship by Investment (CBI) is a legal process where a country grants nationality to foreign investors who make qualifying financial contributions. This can include:
- Real estate investments
- Business development and job creation
- Government bonds
- Non-refundable donations to national development funds
The advantages of CBI include visa-free travel, business expansion opportunities, and financial security through dual citizenship. Additionally, investors can benefit from tax advantages, better global mobility, and the ability to pass citizenship to future generations. Some countries also provide access to high-quality healthcare, education, and business opportunities in the European market, making CBI a highly attractive option for global investors.ude visa-free travel, business expansion opportunities, and financial security through dual citizenship.
1. Malta – Malta Citizenship by Naturalisation for Exceptional Services (CES)
Why Malta?
- EU Citizenship: Grants full European Union rights.
- Visa-Free Travel: Access to over 180 countries, including the Schengen Zone, UK, and the USA (through visa waivers).
- Stable Economy: Strong financial and business environment.
- High Standard of Living: Excellent healthcare, education, and business opportunities.
Investment Requirements:
- Donation: €600,000 (36-month route) or €750,000 (12-month route) to the National Development and Social Fund (NDSF).
- Real Estate Investment: Minimum of €700,000 in property purchase or €16,000 annual rent for at least five years.
- Charitable Contribution: €10,000 donation to an approved NGO.
Processing Time:
- 12 to 36 months depending on the selected investment route.
2. Portugal – Golden Visa Program (Pathway to Citizenship)
Why Portugal?
- Pathway to Citizenship: After 5 years of residency.
- Minimal Stay Requirement: Only 7 days per year.
- Visa-Free Access: Schengen Zone, EU countries, and over 170 destinations.
- Thriving Economy: Business-friendly environment with growing industries.
Investment Requirements:
- Real Estate Investment: Minimum of €280,000 in low-density areas or €500,000 in urban centers.
- Investment Fund Contribution: At least €500,000.
- Business Investment: Creation of 10 full-time jobs.
Processing Time:
- 6 to 8 months for Golden Visa approval.
- Citizenship Eligibility: After 5 years without the need for full-time residency.
3. Greece – Greek Golden Visa Program
Why Greece?
- Fastest Residency Route: Obtain permanent residency within 60 days.
- Low Investment Threshold: Starting at €250,000.
- Visa-Free Travel: Access to Schengen Zone.
- No Residency Requirement: No need to stay in Greece full-time.
- Tourism and Business Hub: Strong potential for real estate investment returns.
Investment Requirements:
- Real Estate Investment: €250,000 minimum property purchase.
- Government Bonds or Business Investment: €400,000 minimum.
Processing Time:
- 2 months for residence permit.
- Citizenship Eligibility: Requires 7 years of residency.
4. Spain – Spanish Golden Visa Program
Why Spain?
- Permanent Residency After 5 Years: Citizenship possible after 10 years.
- Visa-Free Travel: Schengen Area access.
- Real Estate & Business Investment Options.
- Vibrant Lifestyle: Ideal for families and professionals.
Investment Requirements:
- Real Estate Investment: €500,000 minimum purchase.
- Business Investment: Minimum of €1 million.
- Government Bonds: €2 million investment.
Processing Time:
- 6 to 12 months for residence permit.
- Citizenship in 10 years (2 years for Latin American, Philippine, Andorran, or Sephardic Jewish applicants).
5. Austria – Citizenship by Investment (Highly Selective)
Why Austria?
- Direct Citizenship Option: No prior residency required.
- Visa-Free Travel: Schengen Zone and 189+ destinations.
- Economic and Political Stability.
- High Standard of Living: Excellent healthcare, safety, and infrastructure.
Investment Requirements:
- Business Investment: €10 million direct investment in Austrian economy.
- Government Contribution: €3 million donation to an approved project.
Processing Time:
- 12 to 24 months.
6. Montenegro – Citizenship by Investment Program (Closing Soon)
Why Montenegro?
- EU Candidate Country: Expected EU membership in the future.
- Low Investment Requirement: One of the lowest in Europe.
- Fast Processing: Citizenship in only 6 months.
- Affordable Living Costs: Lower expenses compared to most EU countries.
Investment Requirements:
- Government Fund Contribution: €200,000.
- Real Estate Investment: €250,000 in designated regions.
Processing Time:
- 6 months.
7. Turkey – Turkish Citizenship by Investment Program
Why Turkey?
- Fastest Processing Time: Citizenship in 3 to 6 months.
- No Residency Requirement: No need to live in Turkey.
- Visa-Free Access: 110+ countries.
- Strategic Location: Bridge between Europe and Asia, offering business advantages.
Investment Requirements:
- Real Estate Purchase: €400,000 minimum.
- Business Creation: Employ at least 50 Turkish citizens.
- Bank Deposit: €500,000 in a Turkish bank.
Processing Time:
- 3 to 6 months.
Key Comparison Table
| Country | Processing Time | Minimum Investment | Residency Requirement | Citizenship Timeline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malta | 12-36 months | €600,000+ | Yes (12-36 months) | 1-3 years |
| Portugal | 6-8 months | €280,000+ | 7 days/year | 5 years |
| Greece | 2 months | €250,000+ | None | 7 years |
| Spain | 6-12 months | €500,000+ | Yes | 10 years |
| Austria | 12-24 months | €3 million+ | None | Immediate |
| Montenegro | 6 months | €250,000+ | None | 6 months |
| Turkey | 3-6 months | €400,000+ | None | 3-6 months |
Conclusion
For investors seeking fast-track citizenship, countries like Turkey, Montenegro, and Malta offer the quickest and most efficient pathways. If EU citizenship is the priority, Portugal and Greece provide some of the easiest options with relatively lower investments and flexible residency requirements.
Choosing the best citizenship-by-investment program depends on individual preferences, investment capability, and long-term goals. Before applying, it is advisable to consult legal and financial professionals to ensure compliance with the latest requirements and regulations. Additionally, keeping track of evolving policies and economic conditions in each country can help investors make informed decisions.
For more information on current CBI programs, visit the official government websites of each country or consult authorized agents specializing in citizenship by investment programs.